CPU speed

The CPU contents a tiny Quartz clock is time this clock ticks one instruction can be dealt with by the CPU show the more time this clock ticks per second the most action the CPU can carry out and the faster things get done.
  The speed of CPU is measured in other megahertz or more commonly now gigahertz A 1 megahertz CPU can carry out 1 million instruction per second. A 1 BF video carry out the billion instruction per second atypical CPU installed in a computer today would Run at around 3 gigahertz which means that can carry out 3 billion instruction per second.
So one way to improve computer performance might be upgraded your CPU to a faster one especially if you have a fairly slow old machine

What is firmware

Small programs call from where are obtained stored in ROM and they contain instruction the computer can use in performing some of the most basic operation required to operate hardware disc

Differences between RAM and ROM

Immediate access storage IAS

Both RAM and ROM are referred to as immediate access storage IAS because CPU can access the data so quickly compared to data in baking a storage the secondary memory

 

the CPU is attached to two kinds of memories Ram which is volatile and ROM which is non volatile

Random Access Memory (RAM)

The internal memory that can be read from as well as written to is called Ram that is Random Access Memory when people talk about computer memory in connection with computer they usually mean the RAM.
  The Random Access Memory Ram is volatile that is its contents are lost when power is turn off because of rams following limitation of auxiliary memory is needed

Read only memory ROM

In this memory information one stored remains fix that is it can be changed so ROM can only be read and used it cannot be changed or written onto. Generally ROM contentsa set of startup instruction that is what to do when a computer is turned on the contents of ROM remaining stored even if Power is turned off

Main ( Primary ) Memory

So now you can know that all computer have main/internal memory to store program and data while computer is running the main memory also has two sub types:-

1.   ROM (READ ONLY MEMORY)
2.   RAM (RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY)

Units of memory

Computer store and process data/ Information in the form of binary numbers a battery number is either a 0 ( representing OFF/low voltage ) or a 1 (representing ON/hi voltage) and is known as bit which is short form for binary digit internal character are represented through a group of BITS depending upon encoding scheme being used ASCII (American standard code for information interchange) encoding scheme represent a character as a group of 8 bits for a byte unicode encode scheme represent a character as a group of 16 bits or 2 bytes.
   

How many types of memory in a computer system

 There are two types of memory in a computer system:-

1.  Main memory or primary memory or internal memory the memory that holds data and instruction during processing it is temporary memory.
2.  Auxiliary memory aur secondary memory or external memory the memory that can store data files for later use that is permanently

computer system an overview

Computer system an overview

Supercomputers

 supercomputers are the most powerful computer se Mount digital computers these consist of several processes running together thereby making them immensely faster and powerful these computers are capable of handling huge amount of calculation that are bhaiya on women capability supercomputers can perform billions of instruction for per seconds the today's supercomputers have the computing capability equal to that of 40,000 microcomputers these are mainly used in application like weather forecasting nuclear science research Erode dynamic modelling seismology Metrology etc

mainframe computers

Mainframe computers are designed to handle huge volumes of data and information and support more than hundred user at same time these very large and expensive computers have great processing speed and very large storage capacity and memory as compared to 2 mini computers these computers even causes and work with more than one processor at the same time does one can say these are multi user multiprocessor system for mainframe computers very sophisticated operating systems are needed to control and supervise their operation.
Examples are ICL 39 CDC 6600 v a x 8842 IBM 3090 600 IBM 4381

Minicomputers

Minicomputer also called mid range server are more powerful computers than micro computers in terms of processing power and capability mini computers are mainly multiuser systems where many user simultaneously work on the systems mini computers poses greater storage capacity and large memories as compared to microcomputers these are even capable of handling more input or output device.
 example are PDP 11 v a x 7500 m a g n u n

Micro computers/personal computers PCs

A microcomputer is a computer whose CPU is a microprocessor do hazaar normally single microprocessor single user system design for performing basic operations like education training a small business application playing game etc these are mainly used in office Home School shop stores etc IBM PC Apple Mac IBM PS/2 are some popular computer of this range micro computers can be further categorised as :-

1.    mobile/Handheld Computers. This can be held in hands but have limited capability compared to their biggest counterparts a Smartphones of today are such computers.
2.   Portable PCs. Bigger than mobile computers these computers can be easily carried in a briefcase purpose of pockets for example laptops notebooks PDA personal digital assistants etc these days the gap between mobile computers and portable PC s is getting more and more narrower.
3.    desktop PCs these computers can fit on the top of a desk based on their configuration they can range from home computers to a small business computers to big utility computers.
4.    Workstations. Workstations are similar to personal computers but have greater memory and more extensive mathematical ability and they are connected to other workstations or personal computer to exchange data they are typically found in scientific Industrial and business environment that require high level of computational ability.

Embedded computers

These computers are in the form of Tini chips embedded within the circuitry of appliance such as television washing machine and wrist watch this computer are typically reprogrammed for a specific task such as during to a particular television frequency or keeping accurate time.

Types of digital computers

Purpose wise digital computers can be a special purpose computers or general purpose computers but based on their configuration that is their size of speed and capability they can be categorised by follows:-

• Embedded computer 
• microcomputer/personal computer (PCs) 
• mini computers 
• mainframe computers 
• supercomputers

Hybrid computers

Hybrid computers utilise the best quality of both the digital and analogue computers in this computer sum calculation take place in analogue minor and rest of them take place in digital Manna hybrid computers are the best you in hospital to monitor patient Vittal science hybrid computers are also used in weather forecasting

Digital computers

These computers type work with discontinuous data converted into binary form that is is digit 0 and 1 and all operation are carried out on this digit at extremely fast rates digital computers are much faster than analogue computer and for more accurate computer used for business and scientific application are digital computers digital computers come variety of forms based on their configuration this is covered in the next subsection.

Analogue computers

This computer types work with continuous physical quantities such as voltage current temperature it is that is that take input in the form of volte ampere Celsius PTC but their accuracy is poor as compared to digital counter parts analogue computer are mostly used in engineering and scientific application an electronic weighing skill is an example of an analogue computer.

Types of computers

Computer are sophisticated device capable of performing use variety of task does manag different types of computers make it possible to perform a huge variety of task computer can be categorised in following ways:-
Purpose wise

principle of operation wise

Weakness of computer

 Weakness of computers:-

1.    Lack of decision making power computer cannot decide on their own they do not poses this power which is a great asset of human being.
2.   IQ zero computers are dumb machines with zero IQ they need to be told each and every step however minute it may be.
3.   No Heuristics heuristics means learning from past experience if a computer commits an error once and similar situation event occurs again computer will commit the same error again cannot learn from past experience but human beings learn from past experience very well.

Strength of a computer

Strength of a computer :-

1.     Speed computers are much faster as compared to human beings a computer can perform a task in a minute that may take days in perform manually a modern computer can acute millions of instruction in one seconds.
2.    High storage capacity computer scanner store large amount of information in very small space a CD ROM of 4.7 inch diameter can store all the 33 volume of encyclopaedia Britannica and we'll still have room to store more information bubble memories can Store 62550000 beats per square centimetres office space today's flash memory stick pen drive can be 325 cm long and can still store up to 4 gigabytes 4 GB of data.
3.    Accuracy computer can perform all the Calculation and comparison accurately provided the hardware does not malfunction.
4.    Reliability computers are immune to tiredness and boredom or fatigue. 10 they are more reliable than the human beings.
5.    Versatiliti computers can perform repetitive jobs efficiently they can solve labour problems for 2000 job in hostile Environment Day event can work in the area where human brain can wear for instance observing motion of very fast moving articles also they can work with different types of data and information like graphics audio visual characters etc.

Characteristics of a computer

As you have seen that computers are being effectively used for a variety of tasks in nearly every field can you think of the qualities which made computer so popular latest explore those reason that the responsible of computer popularity.
Computer currently have some strength with make them immensely useful and of course popular let us see what is your strength.

Control unit (CO)

The control unit of the CPU directs the entire computer system to carry out or rescued stored program instruction you can compare the control you need to a police officer directing traffic at a busy intersection but instead of directing cars the control unit directs data flow between the computer processor memory and input output devices.
The CPU performs following four steps in executing instruction:-

1.   The control unit gets the instruction from memory.
2.    The control unit decides what the instruction means and directs the necessary data to be moved from the memory to the arithmetic logical unit.
3.    The arithmetic logical unit performs the actual operation on the data.
4.    The result of the operation is stored in memory or register.

Registers

All data is temporary stored in registers during the execution of programs registers offer very fast memory but very limited in size.

ALU arithmetic logical unit

This unit performs the computing functions As given below involving numbers.

•   Arithmetic operations which include addition subtraction multiplication and division.
•   All logic operation which involves comparison such as less than greater than or equal to.

 the results of these operations are stored in the registers or in-memory or sent to output devices.

components of computer

The CPU consists of three basic section a l u control unit registers.
The three section of the microprocessor work together to control the operation of the system. These are connected to two other crucial component like input unit output unit and secondary memory wire a special connecting wires called a system bus.

CPU consists of three basic section

The CPU consists of three basic section:-

•   TheALU( arithmetic logical unit).
•    Control unit.
•    Registers

CPU

Just as the human brain is the most important part of human body as it directs and controls the action of body CPU is the brain of a computer CPU the computers brain controls and directs the internal activity and action of a computer a computer does the entire thinking and controlling in a processing action all other parts of a computer work as directed by the CPU the CPU is also called the microprocessor or simply the processor.

What is the storage function of computer

 it is responsible for storing any kind of information permanently and is perform by storage unit various storage device like hard disc CDS DVDs USB drives etc comprise of this unit.

What is processing function of computer

This is responsible for carrying out the given instruction on given data it is performed by CPU (central Processing Unit). to carry out the function CPU use following components:-

•  ALU arithmetic and logical unit it is responsible for carrying out arithmetic instruction (e.g,+,-,*,/)or logical instructions (<,>,= etc.)
•  CU (control unit). This unit is responsible for controlling the execution of instruction one instruction at a time and hence it supervise and controls required components to carry out the instruction.
•  Primary memory this memory is made available to CPU to store data and instruction being processed.

what is output function

It is possible for displaying the data input to computer for the process data in the human readable form and is performed by output unit. For this purpose the output unit used standard output device such as monitor or a screen printer a speaker etc

what is output function

It is possible for displaying the data input to computer for the process data in the human readable form and is performed by output unit. For this purpose the output unit used standard output device such as monitor or a screen printer a speaker etc

what is output function

It is possible for displaying the data input to computer for the process data in the human readable form and is performed by output unit. For this purpose the output unit used standard output device such as monitor or a screen printer a speaker etc

What is input function

 it is responsible for providing the in the computer and is performed by input unit. For this purpose input unit used Standard Input device such as keyboard mouse scanner barcode reader etc

functional components of a computer

 functional components of a computer system:-

1.  Accept data - input
2.  Process data - Processing
3.  Produces Result/Output - Output
4.  Stores Result - Storage

Basic structure of a computer

functioning of a computer this is the functioning of a computer

Every task follow this input process output cycle ( IPO cycle in short ). A computer is not an exception to this rule a computer also follow the IPO cycle that is it needs certain input it carries out a process and produce the output therefore the functioning of a computer can be summarised in the form of the node that you see on right.

A computer takes and input carries out a process upon it and produce an output this is the functioning of a

what is information

 information it refers to process data that is meaning food for example abe data can be converted into information As-ramu who passed in 2015 secured 72.5% marks.

Unprocessed raw facts and figures are called data but processed and meaningful form of data is called information

data

Unprocessed raw facts and figures are data for example a name some marks 72.5% and year 2015 etc are data

Software

 It refers to the instruction ( programmes ) that tell the computer what to do. To understand the difference between hardware and software consider a CD storing songs or games theCD which you can touch is an example of hardware but can you touch song public game on it the songs /games on CD can beat out of a a software without software the computer will not work

hardware

Tarifa two physical parts of the computer the ones that you can touch for example keyboard monitor etc

What is a computer

In general terms a computer is a group of electronic device used to process data or it can also be said that a compo is an electronic device that can perform a variety of operation in accordance with a set of instruction called program.
Definition of a computer:-

Content Technology

 The content Technology theatre to content driving fields such as print media television and radio publishing industry etc the content technology of today include 3D picture real time broadcast for example cricket match live feedback Technology it is

ICT Information and Communication Technology

It is an umbrella term that combines the use of IT and CT in short ICT refer to convergence of technology that provide access to information via telecommunication

Communication Technology

Communication Technology include information transfer Technology such as communication media ( wired and wireless) internet email mobile device Radio Technology softwares for communication etc

Communication Technology

Communication Technology include information transfer Technology such as communication media ( wired and wireless) internet email mobile device Radio Technology softwares for communication etc

Computer technology

 Computer technology includes hardware and software that are the foundation of modern computer systems Computer technology also involved associated Technology crucial for computer processor memory network operating system etc